What is the difference between an abstract function and a virtual function?

An abstract function can have no functionality. You're basically saying, any child class MUST give their own version of this method, however it's too general to even try to implement in the parent class.

A virtual function, is basically saying look, here's the functionality that may or may not be good enough for the child class. So if it is good enough, use this method, if not, then override me, and provide your own functionality.

What are the differences between Stored Procedure and a Trigger

1. We can execute a stored procedure whenever we want with the help of the exec command, but a trigger can only be executed whenever an event (insert, delete, and update) is fired on the table on which the trigger is defined.
2. We can call a stored procedure from inside another stored procedure but we can't directly call another trigger within a trigger. We can only achieve nesting of triggers in which the action (insert, delete, and update) defined within a trigger can initiate execution of another trigger defined on the same table or a different table.
3. Stored procedures can be scheduled through a job to execute on a predefined time, but we can't schedule a trigger.
4. Stored procedure can take input parameters, but we can't pass parameters as input to a trigger.
5. Stored procedures can return values but a trigger cannot return a value.
6. We can use Print commands inside a stored procedure for debugging purposes but we can't use print commands inside a trigger.
7. We can use transaction statements like begin transaction, commit transaction, and rollback inside a stored procedure but we can't use transaction statements inside a trigger.
8. We can call a stored procedure from the front end (.asp files, .aspx files, .ascx files, etc.) but we can't call a trigger from these files.
9. Stored procedures are used for performing tasks. Stored procedures are normally used for performing user specified tasks. They can have parameters and return multiple results sets.
10. The Triggers for auditing work: Triggers normally are used for auditing work. They can be used to trace the activities of table events.

What are the differences between Arrays and Collections

• Arrays are fixed in size, therefore once we create an array we are not allowed to increase or decrease its size, based on the requirement. Collections are grow-able, therefore base on our requirement we can increase or decrease its size
• Arrays use more memory space as compared to Collections
• Performance point of view arrays are recommended (Faster), where as collections are not recommended
• Arrays can hold only homogeneous elements, collections can hold both homogeneous and heterogeneous elements
• Arrays can hold both primitives as well as objects, where as collection can not hold primitives (although they can store primitive wrapper classes such as Integer etc)
• In Array , there are no underlined Data Structures, whereas ,Collection has Underlined DS

Difference and Similarities between class and structure?

DIFFERENCES

Class

1. Class is a reference type and its object is created on the heap memory.
    
2. Class can inherit the another class.
    
3. Class can have the all types of constructor and destructor.
    
4. The member variable of class can be initialized directly.
    
5. class object can not be created without using the new keyword, it means we have to use it.
   
   Demo obj=new Demo();

Structure

1. Structure is a value type that is why its object is created on the stack memory.
    
2. Structure does not support the inheritance.
    
3. Structure can only have the parametrized constructor. it means a structure can not have the non-parametrized constructor,default constructor and destructor also.
    
4. The member variable of structure can not be initialized directly.
    
5. Structure object can be created without using the new keyword.(optional) 

SIMILARITIES

1. Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants, enumerations,
   events, and event handlers.
2. Structures and classes can implement interface.
3. Both can have delegates and events.

What are virtual classes?

Because a class can be an indirect base class to a derived class more than once, C++ provides a way to optimize the way such base classes work. Virtual base classes offer a way to save space and avoid ambiguities in class hierarchies that use multiple inheritance.

Each nonvirtual object contains a copy of the data members defined in the base class. This duplication wastes space and requires you to specify which copy of the base class members you want whenever you access them.

When a base class is specified as a virtual base, it can act as an indirect base more than once without duplication of its data members. A single copy of its data members is shared by all the base classes that use it as a virtual base.

When declaring a virtual base class, the virtual keyword appears in the base lists of the derived classes.

Why don’t C# and Java support multiple inheritance? What is wrong with multiple inheritance?

The main problem with multiple inheritance is that there can be times when the results of using multiple inheritance will be uncertain. The best example of this is the classic problem known as the Diamond Problem where a class inherits from 2 different classes, but those 2 different classes inherit from the same class, like in the graphic below (where class D derives from both classes B and C, and classes B and C both derive from class A:



And here is what the code for that example would look like:

class A {
           protected: 
               bool testing;
};

class B: public A { };

class C: public A { };

class D: public B, public C  {
  public:
    void setTesting ( bool xTesting)  {
            testing = xTesting; // this is uncertain
           }
};

In the code above we have the testing data member which is defined by class A. But, the problem is that class D derives from both classes B and C, which both derive from class A. This means that there are essentially 2 copies of the testing flag that are available because there are 2 instances of A in D’s class hierarchy. So, this creates a problem because which copy of the testing flag will be set? And the compiler will give an error and say that the reference to testing in class D is ambiguous.


But, there are some fixes to this problem. One fix is to make it very clear which classe’s version of testing is going to be set:

B :: testing = xTesting;  // use B's version of testing

The other fix for this problem is to declare B and C as virtual base classes. This allows only one copy of A to be created for class D, and that clears up any ambiguities.

Alternatives to multiple inheritance

As you can probably see by now, having multiple inheritance built into a language can create problems. So, in the interest of keeping things simple, the creators of Java and C# decided not to allow multiple inheritance. However, there is an alternative to multiple inheritance, known as interfaces 

What is Multiple Inheritance?

C++ actually allows a class to inherit from more than one class, and this is referred to as multiple inheritance. But in C# and Java, classes are only allowed to inherit from a single parent class, which is called single inheritance.


Multiple inheritance allows people to create classes that combine aspects of different classes and their corresponding hierarchies. This is something that is quite common because applications often need to use the frameworks of different classes to achieve the desired functionality. Suppose that you are trying to create a class that models the animal known as a Liger, which is the result of having a Tiger and a Lion mate. Then you would create a class called Liger that derives from both the Tiger and Lion classes – so the Liger class would have to use multiple inheritance since it is deriving or inheriting from 2 different classes.